# Copyright (C) 2017-2022 Cleanlab Inc.
# This file is part of cleanlab.
#
# cleanlab is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
# by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# cleanlab is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
# along with cleanlab. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
# ## Latent Algebra
#
# #### Contains mathematical functions relating the latent terms,
# $p(s), P_{s \vert y}, P_{y \vert s}, p(y)$, etc. together.
# For every function here, if the inputs are exact, the output is guaranteed
# to be exact. Every function herein is the computational equivalent of a
# mathematical equation having a closed, exact form. If the inputs are
# inexact, the error will of course propagate.
from __future__ import (
print_function, absolute_import, division, unicode_literals, with_statement)
import numpy as np
from cleanlab.util import value_counts, clip_values, clip_noise_rates
import warnings
[docs]def compute_ps_py_inv_noise_matrix(s, noise_matrix):
"""Compute ps := P(s=k), py := P(y=k), and the inverse noise matrix.
Parameters
----------
s : np.array
A discrete vector of labels, s, which may contain mislabeling. "s"
denotes the noisy label instead of \\tilde(y), for ASCII reasons.
noise_matrix : np.array of shape (K, K), K = number of classes
A conditional probability matrix of the form P(s=k_s|y=k_y) containing
the fraction of examples in every class, labeled as every other class.
Assumes columns of noise_matrix sum to 1."""
# 'ps' is p(s=k)
ps = value_counts(s) / float(len(s))
py, inverse_noise_matrix = compute_py_inv_noise_matrix(ps, noise_matrix)
return ps, py, inverse_noise_matrix
[docs]def compute_py_inv_noise_matrix(ps, noise_matrix):
"""Compute py := P(y=k), and the inverse noise matrix.
Parameters
----------
ps : np.array (shape (K, ) or (1, K))
The fraction (prior probability) of each observed, NOISY class P(s = k).
noise_matrix : np.array of shape (K, K), K = number of classes
A conditional probability matrix of the form P(s=k_s|y=k_y) containing
the fraction of examples in every class, labeled as every other class.
Assumes columns of noise_matrix sum to 1."""
# 'py' is p(y=k) = noise_matrix^(-1) * p(s=k)
# because in *vector computation*: P(s=k|y=k) * p(y=k) = P(s=k)
# The pseudo-inverse is used when noise_matrix is not invertible.
py = np.linalg.inv(noise_matrix).dot(ps)
# No class should have probability 0 so we use .001
# Make sure valid probabilities that sum to 1.0
py = clip_values(py, low=0.001, high=1.0, new_sum=1.0)
# All the work is done in this function (below)
return py, compute_inv_noise_matrix(py, noise_matrix, ps)
[docs]def compute_inv_noise_matrix(py, noise_matrix, ps=None):
"""Compute the inverse noise matrix if py := P(y=k) is given.
Parameters
----------
py : np.array (shape (K, 1))
The fraction (prior probability) of each TRUE class label, P(y = k)
noise_matrix : np.array of shape (K, K), K = number of classes
A conditional probability matrix of the form P(s=k_s|y=k_y) containing
the fraction of examples in every class, labeled as every other class.
Assumes columns of noise_matrix sum to 1.
ps : np.array (shape (K, 1))
The fraction (prior probability) of each NOISY given label, P(s = k).
ps is easily computable from py and should only be provided if it has
already been precomputed, to increase code efficiency.
Examples
--------
For loop based implementation:
.. code:: python
# Number of classes
K = len(py)
# 'ps' is p(s=k) = noise_matrix * p(y=k)
# because in *vector computation*: P(s=k|y=k) * p(y=k) = P(s=k)
if ps is None:
ps = noise_matrix.dot(py)
# Estimate the (K, K) inverse noise matrix P(y = k_y | s = k_s)
inverse_noise_matrix = np.empty(shape=(K,K))
# k_s is the class value k of noisy label s
for k_s in range(K):
# k_y is the (guessed) class value k of true label y
for k_y in range(K):
# P(y|s) = P(s|y) * P(y) / P(s)
inverse_noise_matrix[k_y][k_s] = noise_matrix[k_s][k_y] * \
py[k_y] / ps[k_s]
"""
joint = noise_matrix * py
ps = joint.sum(axis=1) if ps is None else ps
inverse_noise_matrix = joint.T / ps
# Clip inverse noise rates P(y=k_s|y=k_y) into proper range [0,1)
return clip_noise_rates(inverse_noise_matrix)
[docs]def compute_noise_matrix_from_inverse(ps, inverse_noise_matrix, py=None):
"""Compute the noise matrix P(s=k_s|y=k_y).
Parameters
----------
py : np.array (shape (K, 1))
The fraction (prior probability) of each TRUE class label, P(y = k)
inverse_noise_matrix : np.array of shape (K, K), K = number of classes
A conditional probability matrix of the form P(y=k_y|s=k_s) representing
the estimated fraction observed examples in each class k_s, that are
mislabeled examples from every other class k_y. If None, the
inverse_noise_matrix will be computed from psx and s.
Assumes columns of inverse_noise_matrix sum to 1.
ps : np.array (shape (K, 1))
The fraction (prior probability) of each observed NOISY label, P(s = k).
ps is easily computable from py and should only be provided if it has
already been precomputed, to increase code efficiency.
Returns
-------
noise_matrix : np.array of shape (K, K), K = number of classes
A conditional probability matrix of the form P(s=k_s|y=k_y) containing
the fraction of examples in every class, labeled as every other class.
Columns of noise_matrix sum to 1.
Examples
--------
For loop based implementation:
.. code:: python
# Number of classes s
K = len(ps)
# 'py' is p(y=k) = inverse_noise_matrix * p(y=k)
# because in *vector computation*: P(y=k|s=k) * p(s=k) = P(y=k)
if py is None:
py = inverse_noise_matrix.dot(ps)
# Estimate the (K, K) noise matrix P(s = k_s | y = k_y)
noise_matrix = np.empty(shape=(K,K))
# k_s is the class value k of noisy label s
for k_s in range(K):
# k_y is the (guessed) class value k of true label y
for k_y in range(K):
# P(s|y) = P(y|s) * P(s) / P(y)
noise_matrix[k_s][k_y] = inverse_noise_matrix[k_y][k_s] * \
ps[k_s] / py[k_y]
"""
joint = (inverse_noise_matrix * ps).T
py = joint.sum(axis=0) if py is None else py
noise_matrix = joint / py
# Clip inverse noise rates P(y=k_y|y=k_s) into proper range [0,1)
return clip_noise_rates(noise_matrix)
[docs]def compute_py(ps, noise_matrix, inverse_noise_matrix, py_method='cnt',
y_count=None):
"""Compute py := P(y=k) from ps := P(s=k), noise_matrix, and the
inverse noise matrix.
This method is ** ROBUST ** when py_method = 'cnt'
It may work well even when the noise matrices are estimated
poorly by using the diagonals of the matrices
instead of all the probabilities in the entire matrix.
Parameters
----------
ps : np.array (shape (K, ) or (1, K))
The fraction (prior probability) of each observed, noisy label, P(s = k)
noise_matrix : np.array of shape (K, K), K = number of classes
A conditional probability matrix of the form P(s=k_s|y=k_y) containing
the fraction of examples in every class, labeled as every other class.
Assumes columns of noise_matrix sum to 1.
inverse_noise_matrix : np.array of shape (K, K), K = number of classes
A conditional probability matrix of the form P(y=k_y|s=k_s) representing
the estimated fraction observed examples in each class k_s, that are
mislabeled examples from every other class k_y. If None, the
inverse_noise_matrix will be computed from psx and s.
Assumes columns of inverse_noise_matrix sum to 1.
py_method : str (Options: ["cnt", "eqn", "marginal", "marginal_ps"])
How to compute the latent prior p(y=k). Default is "cnt" as it often
works well even when the noise matrices are estimated poorly by using
the matrix diagonals instead of all the probabilities.
y_count : np.array (shape (K, ) or (1, K))
The marginal counts of the confident joint (like cj.sum(axis = 0))
Returns
-------
py : np.array (shape (K, ) or (1, K))
The fraction (prior probability) of each TRUE class label, P(y = k)."""
if len(np.shape(ps)) > 2 or (
len(np.shape(ps)) == 2 and np.shape(ps)[0] != 1):
w = 'Input parameter np.array ps has shape ' + str(np.shape(ps))
w += ', but shape should be (K, ) or (1, K)'
warnings.warn(w)
if py_method == 'marginal' and y_count is None:
err = 'py_method == "marginal" requires y_count, but y_count is None.'
err += ' Provide parameter y_count.'
raise ValueError(err)
if py_method == 'cnt':
# Computing py this way avoids dividing by zero noise rates.
# More robust bc error est_p(y|s) / est_p(s|y) ~ p(y|s) / p(s|y)
py = inverse_noise_matrix.diagonal() / noise_matrix.diagonal() * ps
# Equivalently,
# py = (y_count / s_count) * ps
elif py_method == 'eqn':
py = np.linalg.inv(noise_matrix).dot(ps)
elif py_method == 'marginal':
py = y_count / float(sum(y_count))
elif py_method == 'marginal_ps':
py = np.dot(inverse_noise_matrix, ps)
else:
err = 'py_method {}'.format(py_method)
err += ' should be in [cnt, eqn, marginal, marginal_ps]'
raise ValueError(err)
# Clip py (0,1), .s.t. no class should have prob 0, hence 1e-5
py = clip_values(py, low=1e-5, high=1.0, new_sum=1.0)
return py
[docs]def compute_pyx(psx, noise_matrix, inverse_noise_matrix):
"""Compute pyx := P(y=k|x) from psx := P(s=k|x), and the noise_matrix and
inverse noise matrix.
This method is ROBUST - meaning it works well even when the
noise matrices are estimated poorly by only using the diagonals of the
matrices which tend to be easy to estimate correctly.
Parameters
----------
psx : np.array (shape (N, K))
P(label=k|x) is a matrix with K (noisy) probabilities for each of the N
examples x. This is the probability distribution over all K classes, for
each example, regarding whether the example has label s==k P(s=k|x). psx
should have been computed using 3 (or higher) fold cross-validation.
noise_matrix : np.array of shape (K, K), K = number of classes
A conditional probability matrix of the form P(s=k_s|y=k_y) containing
the fraction of examples in every class, labeled as every other class.
Assumes columns of noise_matrix sum to 1.
inverse_noise_matrix : np.array of shape (K, K), K = number of classes
A conditional probability matrix of the form P(y=k_y|s=k_s) representing
the estimated fraction observed examples in each class k_s, that are
mislabeled examples from every other class k_y. If None, the
inverse_noise_matrix will be computed from psx and s.
Assumes columns of inverse_noise_matrix sum to 1.
Returns
-------
pyx : np.array (shape (N, K))
P(y=k|x) is a matrix with K probabilities for all N examples x."""
if len(np.shape(psx)) != 2:
raise ValueError(
"Input parameter np.array 'psx' has shape " + str(np.shape(psx)) +
", but shape should be (N, K)")
pyx = psx * inverse_noise_matrix.diagonal() / noise_matrix.diagonal()
# Make sure valid probabilities that sum to 1.0
return np.apply_along_axis(
func1d=clip_values,
axis=1,
arr=pyx,
**{"low": 0.0, "high": 1.0, "new_sum": 1.0}
)